This has been done by assessing five clusters of levers, namely political, human-based, energy, economic and military ones. In doing this, a pattern of how Russia uses its levers emerges.

Russia’s foreign policy levers have drawn attention over the last few years. In
2006 and 2007, Russia staged a trade boycott against Georgia and Moldova, engaged in the ‘statue crisis’ in Estonia, which was followed by a cyber attack, and took a sharp policy line in the oil and gas negotiations with Belarus. These actions went against Russia’s ambition to join the World Trade Organization (WTO) and annoyed the European Union (EU). These incidents indicate that Russia has a clear ambition of maximising its influence within the former Soviet Union area by using its foreign policy levers.

The main conclusion of the report is that Russia has used a rather high level of coercion toward those states that are dependent on Russia and states that obstruct Russia’s policy. Russia uses all available levers in order to reach overarching goals even if these result in severe backlashes. The study finally concludes that this pattern has future consequences for Europe.

To the report