Emission factors of hazardous substances from small caliber ammunition were measured in a test chamber. Three cartridges for Ak4 and two cartridges for pistol were examined for particulates, particle size distribution, emissions of metals and gases. Particle toxicity, ability to induce oxidative stress and inflammation marker was tested in vitro in cultivated human lung cells. The results showed that the cartridges emitted different amounts of particles and different amounts of heavy metals, transition elements and toxic gases. Particle toxicity, ability to induce oxidative stress and inflammation marker also varied between cartridges. No significant variation of particle size could be observed. A literature summary of current knowledge regarding gunpowder emissions and health effects is presented.