The purpose of this literature survey has been to review data about known biomarkers for nerve agent exposure and to get an overview of the metabolomic methods used in this research field. There are several methods for analysis of biomarkers for nerve agent exposure published in the literature. Still, new biomarkers of exposure or effect could be useful for biomonitoring purposes. The published studies using a non-targeted metabolomic approach to study alterations in metabolism as a response to nerve agent exposure are very scarce. In studies on organophosphorus pesticides, alterations in energy metabolism and signal substances have been observed. Further, linking of neurotoxic properties of organophosphorus substances to inflammation is a research area that should be further explored. Our conclusion is that studies of nerve agent exposure using a metabolomic approach is a very interesting research area; however, these studies are costly due to the experiment setups in combination with the need of sophisticated instruments and highly trained staff.