Exploring training value for Live and Virtual

This report describes work done to explore and adapt LVC, a training concept that integrates real aircraft (Live), manned flight simulators (Virtual) and artificial agents (Constructive), into a Swedish context for the purpose of streamlining training and evaluation of performance and ability in complex and distributed systems. Particularly focused in this text is the training needs and training value, defined as the increased training value that pilots, in airplanes, and manned simulators, receive when participating in training involving real aircraft, simulators and artificial agents. To study training needs and training value of LVC training, three main activities were carried out: (1) a literature review of scientific studies about LVC and training effect. Results show that research and evaluation of the LVC concept have largely focused on technical aspects of LVC, rather than training value, (2) workshops for exploring added value at LVC training. Results show that the L-entity receives the best training value because pilots in airplanes can experience and train decision making in larger and more realistic scenarios under physical stress and unexpected events, and (3) conducting an experimental study (Wizard-of-Oz) at FLSC (Flygvapnets luftstridssimuleringscenter) where pilots in simulators in a fictitious LVC-test flew against what they thought were pilots in airplanes. Pilots who participated in the study stated that they thought it was a true LVC-test and acted accordingly. In debriefing, the pilots reported that pilots in simulators cannot get more out of LVC training than they can get out of regular simulator training. Results from the study further point to the importance of the design of training scenarios, so that both pilots in airplanes and simulators can get a good training effect. The report also provides for cooperation and information exchange with international partners. The report ends with a description of the project's focus 2019.