Characterization of radium sources - Age determination
Publish date: 2020-08-10
Report number: FOI-R--4943--SE
Pages: 42
Written in: Swedish
Keywords:
- Sealed radium sources
- mass spectrometry
- gamma spectrometry
- age determination
Abstract
Sealed radium sources, containing 226Ra, have historically been used in areas such as industry and medicine. Since radium is naturally occurring, it was also one of the first radioactive elements that was used for practical applications, even before legislation and control of radioactive materials were implemented. Therefore, radium sources out of regulatory control, occasionally, are found. According to the IAEA database ITDB (Incident and Trafficking Database), 15% of the reported cases between 1993 and 2019 concern 226Ra [2020]. If no information regarding a seized radioactive material exists, the origin may be determined via measurements of specific characteristics. However, this requires data for comparison. One type of characteristic that may give important information is the age of the source, i.e. the time that has passed since the radium material was last chemically separated. In this work, two methods for age determination of sealed radium sources have been developed and tested on material from a radium source. In one method lead is separated from radium using solid phase extraction followed by quantification of 210Pb and 226Ra using ICP-MS. In the other method, 210Pb and 226Ra are measured in the same sample using gamma spectrometry after dissolving the material. The measurement efficiencies in the gamma spectrometric measurement were determined by single-point calibrations to achieve as low measurement uncertainties as possible. The results show that there is good agreement in the measured age between the two methods, 46.9 ± 1.7 y using ICP-MS and 41.7 ± 3.3 y using gamma spectrometry. The measurement uncertainty achieved with the mass spectrometric method is about half of the measurement uncertainty obtained using the gamma spectrometric method (1.7 y and 3.3 y, k=2, respectively). However, the gamma spectrometric method may deliver a result within a few hours after dissolution of the material, while the mass spectrometric analysis takes a few days.