Unmanned systems for ground combat - experience from Ukraine

Authors:

  • Jouni Rantakokko
  • Jonas Nygårds

Publish date: 2025-08-22

Report number: FOI-R--5723--SE

Pages: 92

Written in: Swedish

Keywords:

  • unmanned
  • autonomous
  • UAV
  • UGV
  • transparent battlefield
  • electronic warfare
  • communications
  • PNT

Abstract

The use of unmanned systems has transformed the operational environment in Ukraine and it is imperative to understand both the technical developments and the operational use of unmanned systems. The Ukrainian military has shown that it is possible to obtain significant asymmetric benefits also with unmanned systems that have major technical limitations, by creating a good understanding about the limitations with these systems and adjusting their tactics and procedures to counter these limitations. The development cycle from redesign to manufacturing and operationalization of e.g. UAV's (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) is extremely fast. The ambition in Ukraine is to replace soldiers with unmanned systems, controlled by operators from safe positions, for all dangerous tasks. The transparent battlefield, for which the proliferation of UAV's is a central enabler, provides both sides with an unprecedented ability to find, track and engage enemy targets. Tasks such as logistics and casualty evacuation are associated with high risk on the transparent battlefield. However, the degree of transparency (opacity) on the battlefield is influenced by several factors - such as darkness, weather conditions and electronic warfare - and it is more critical than ever to adapt operations according to these factors. UAV's are utilized on a massive scale, particularly as a part of the 'kill chain' to find, fix (or track), track and engage enemy targets and post-strike assessment. In contrast, the use of unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) has been relatively modest, mainly due to the fact that they have not been deemed sufficiently reliable. However, Ukraine plans to procure at least 15,000 UGV's during 2025 and their use is increasing rapidly.