Estimation of acoustic impact from piling for offshore wind turbines

Authors:

  • Mathias Andersson
  • Janne Carlsson
  • Frida Thörn
  • Martin Östberg

Publish date: 2025-02-26

Report number: FOI-R--5730--SE

Pages: 71

Written in: Swedish

Keywords:

  • offshore wind power
  • piling
  • source model
  • attenuation
  • sound propagation
  • thresholds
  • marine mammals
  • fish
  • seal
  • porpoise
  • cod

Abstract

The most common method today for building an offshore wind turbine is by piling a steel monopile foundation into the seabed. Piling generates high noise levels that can negatively affect marine animals. In the permit process, an Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA) is developed, in which an acoustic study is included, with assumptions about the sound source, sound propagation and the marine animals' sensitivity (threshold values) to noise. There is currently no Swedish guidelines on how these scenarios should be designed, which units and terms to use or which threshold values that are appropriate, which complicates the preparation and review of an EIA. This report aims to simplify both the preparation and review of a noise investigation for the wind power industry and licensing authorities. The report provides a summary of the scientific evidence on harmful sound levels from the piling of monopile foundations and factors that affect sound propagation in the water. Various theoretical scenarios are presented for how to describe the negative impact of piling noise on marine animals. Recommendations are given regarding acoustic terms and units, and for the content of control programs. This facilitates compliance with the conditions that appear in the permits.