Automation and alarms in naval systems

The design of an alarm is highly dependent on overall system function and how automation has been implemented. This report discusses how automation can be used to facilitate operators´ performance and thereby increase system effectiveness and safety. The scientific background to the discussion is briefly explained. The fast technological development is discussed as well as accidents and near accidents caused by "clumsy automation". MANPRINT - an approach to systems integration is presented. The key concepts discussed are: mental workload, situation awareness, trust and human error. Pros and cons of automation are discussed. Information display is presented as an important part of automation. Consequences of automation for the personnel are discussed. Recommendations: Use automation only if it results in documented improvements of the system. Create transparent systems, where clear communication about the automation´s behaviour is presented. Use adaptive ("smart") alarm displays, where only information most relevant to the situation is presented. Train operators specifically to perform well in the automated system.